Weed class: A Caffeoylquinic acids; Carduus spp. It was imported into California in 1969 for the biological control of milk thistle (Silybum marianum Gaertn.) In the U.S. it is found in only a few parts of Texas and Arkansas but is rapidly spreading and "out of control" in most of California (Dunn 1976). Nile and Mediterranean regions, eastern desert, and Sinai. At a depth of 0.5-2.0 cm germination is highest, but some seeds germinate to a depth of 8 cm (Evans et al. It is foliar absorbed and translocated, making it effective in destroying the roots. 1980). 2,4-D ester should be applied when the thistles have a central stock height of no greater than 0.25 m (Wheatley and Collett 1981). Ants may also play a role in dispersing the seeds (Uphof 1942). 1978). High pH (6.5) also favors growth (Bendall 1975). This species has been studied in depth by USDA entomologists as a natural enemy of musk thistle, but certainly should also be considered for importation into California for C. pycnocephalus control" (Goeden 1974). 1971, Baloch and Kahn 1973, Goeden 1974). The adults are foliage feeders, but more importantly the larvae mine crowns of rosettes and tips of expanding and expanded shoots, blasting the latter, and thus reduce the production of flowerheads. Carduus species (Compositae) are widely distributed in the Mediterranean area, and traditionally used for both food and medicinal purposes. Jordon-Thaden and Louda (2003) and Barros et al. Carduus pycnocephalus is an annual herb that is not native to California. Psylliodes chalcomera was a fairly consistent associate of C. pycnocephalus in its vegetative and early reproductive stages throughout central and southern Italy. The fungal rust Puccinia Carduii-pycnocephali Sydow, is known to occur only on the genus Carduus (Batra et al. On soils of naturally high fertility, thistle invasion can be expected at an earlier stage than on poorer soils. C. pycnocephalus apparently arrived in California during the 1930s (Goeden 1974). Carduus pycnocephalus, with common names including Italian thistle, Italian plumeless thistle, and Plymouth thistle,[1] is a species of thistle. Cone sprayers produce greater atomization of the chemicals and increase the chance of drift into unwanted areas. Carduus pycnocephalus (Italian thistle) is a winter annual forb (family Asteraceae) that is native to the Mediterranean region of southern Europe, northern Africa, western Asia. Tel. The use of herbicides to control C. pycnocephalus may not be appropriate on natural areas such as Nature Conservancy preserves. According to Goeden (1974), C. pycnocephalus serves as an alternative food-plant or breeding host to a diversity of phytophagous insects, most of which are euryphagous, ectophagous, sap- or foliage-feeding species. C. pycnocephalus seeds are mucilaginous, unlike most other thistles. C. pycnocephalus apparently arrived in California during the 1930s (Goeden 1974). These species are Psylliodes chalsomera, Rhinocyllus conicus, and Ceutorhynchuys trimaculatus. Flowerheads narrow and in terminal clusters of 1 to 5. Yes, I would like to receive emails from California Invasive Plant Council. marmoratus - C. p . Barcode of Life Data Systems (BOLDS) Stats Public Records: 1Specimens with Barcodes: 1Species With Barcodes: 1, Rounded National Status Rank: NNA - Not Applicable, Rounded Global Status Rank: GNR - Not Yet Ranked. The plant grows in a rosettes of 10-14 inches (25-36 cm) in diameter, with four to ten lobed basal leaves that are 4-6 inches (10-15 cm) long. It is native to: the Mediterranean region in southern Europe, North Africa, and Western Asia; East Europe and the Caucasus; and the Indian Subcontinent.[2]. Seeds are also spread when infested pastures are cut and the hay fed to animals on clean areas. /Length 9 0 R
The mucilage is abundant and adhesive enough to aid in seed dispersal (Evans et al. 1974. The growth of C. pycnocephalus is favored more by the addition of nitrogen than by phosphorus or potassium. It is most effective when applied in February or March at 1/8 to 1/16 lb acid equivalent per acre. Prior to using any herbicide, check with the County Agricultural Commissioner to determine which chemicals are legal to use in a given situation.
This species has been studied in depth by USDA entomologists as a natural enemy of musk thistle, but certainly should also be considered for importation into California for C. pycnocephalus control" (Goeden 1974). On soils of naturally high fertility, thistle invasion can be expected at an earlier stage than on poorer soils. Carduus pycnocephalus Common Names: Italian thistle Evaluated on: 5/22/04 List committee review date: 08/07/2005 Re-evaluation date: Evaluator (s) John J. Knapp/ Invasive Plant Program Manager Catalina Island Conservancy P.O. Continuous grazing significantly reduces thistle numbers but is not as effective as the use of an autumn break (Bendall 1973). Two other rusts, Puccinia centaureae dc and Puccinia galatica Sydow are also reported to attack Carduus pycnocephalus, but their impact has not been researched (Batra et al. Ex. It is found in disturbed areas, often with basaltic soils, fertile soils, or soils with a relatively high pH (> 6.5).[5][7]. The areas are then heavily grazed with sheep at more than twice the normal stocking rate. A winter annual, Carduus pycnocephalus stems range from 8 inches (20 cm) to 6.6 feet (2.0 m), and are glabrous to slightly wooly. of Agriculture and caused significant damage to the reproductive structures of the Italian thistle have not been utilized, due to concerns about possible predation of California's native thistle species. (Asteraceae), an endemic species of La Maddalena Archipelago (Sardinia--Italy). The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the Italian thistle is a spiny annual or sometimes biennial that can grow 6 to 8 feet in height. Slashing is more effective than mowing as it destroys the aerial part of the plant more thoroughly (Parsons 1973). C. pycnocephalus seeds exhibit polymorphism, with brown seeds that have less mucilage and germinate at lower temperatures than silver seeds. Nkter pln zdarma, nkter za velmi nzk poplatek. This weevil has been studied in depth as a candidate biological control agent by USDA entomologists and may be usefully employed against C. pycnocephalus and other Carduus species in North America in the near future" (Goeden 1974). Carduus pycnocephalus originated in western and southern Europe but today is widespread throughout temperate parts of the world. At a depth of 0.5-2.0 cm germination is highest, but some seeds germinate to a depth of 8 cm (Evans et al. This is partly due to its germination requirements and timing. 0
The blanketing effect of overwintering rosettes can severely reduce the establishment of other plants, as the leaves of the rosette can become erect in dense stands (Parsons 1973). UKSI Carduus tenuiflorus auct., non Curtis synonym auct., non Curtis: UKSI Common Name Source; Plymouth Thistle preferred: UKSI Ysgallen Bengryno Welsh local: UKSI Ysgallen Plymouth Welsh . Two other rusts, Puccinia centaureae dc and Puccinia galatica Sydow are also reported to attack Carduus pycnocephalus, but their impact has not been researched (Batra et al. Picloram kills half the test animals (LD50) at 8000 mg/kg body weight and is considered to be of "relatively no hazard." sharing sensitive information, make sure youre on a federal J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci. Only three insect species appear to hold promise as biological control agents in California (Goeden 1974). -. Thistles will invade basalt soils earlier than granite soils, and granite soils before sedimentary soils (Wheatley and Collett 1981). However, according to Charles Turner (1985) of the USDA Biocontrol Lab in Albany, California, it is possible that these insects may also prey on several of the endangered native thistles in the genus CIRSIUM. Although other thistle species present greater problems on these preserves, C. pycnocephalus control has been included as an adjunct to other control efforts. However, according to Charles Turner (1985) of the USDA Biocontrol Lab in Albany, California, it is possible that these insects may also prey on several of the endangered native thistles in the genus Circium. 42: 1157. GERMINATION AND GROWTH Seed germination rate in Carduus pycnocephalus is very high, ranging between 83-96%. However, caution must be exercised when using these products, and their use is not always appropriate, especially near water surfaces and other sensitive natural habitats. Carduus pycnocephalus, with common names including Italian thistle, Italian plumeless thistle, and Plymouth thistle, is a species of thistle. Picloram (Tordon): Dr. Jim McHenry (1985) of the University of California, Davis, recommends picloram to control C. pycnocephalus on Nature Conservancy lands. Ants may also play a role in dispersing the seeds (Uphof 1942). C. pycnocephalus seeds are mucilaginous, unlike most other thistles. 1979). This has proven most effective during the spring and early summer. They are left ungrazed until the pasture has reached a height of 10-15 cm (about 6 to 10 weeks). subsp. Ants may also play a role in dispersing the seeds (Uphof 1942). The chemical is noncorrosive and is generally considered nonharmful to wildlife. 11681. Each plant profile in the database contains nomenclature info, botanical data, plant description, large, high-resolution pictures, images and photos of the plants and its parts, detailed information such as uses, history . The herbicidal use of oils depends on their chemical and physical properties. pycnocephalus NATURALIZED Habit: Annual. Carduus species (Compositae) are widely distributed in the Mediterranean area, and traditionally used for both food and medicinal purposes. All three species are unknown as artichoke or safflower pests, apparently only reproduce on Cadruinae, cause injury to vital plant parts at a critical growth stage of their host-plant (and thus appear capable of influencing the reproductive potential of C. pycnocephalus), and occur over a relatively wide geographic area. po114543:!null:!po60488:!po23271:!cbo74532:!mg84205:!mg55602:!io11908:!gp15673:!gp15673:!null:! The hydroalcoholic extracts of four wild edible Carduus species collected in Sardinia (Carduus argyroa Biv., Carduus nutans subsp. An official website of the United States government. subsp. Although other thistle species present greater problems on these preserves, C. pycnocephalus control has been included as an adjunct to other control efforts. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/, http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/, http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/, Carduus tenuiflorus var. It persists in the soil for 1-4 weeks. 2,4-D ester should be applied when the thistles have a central stock height of no greater than 0.25 m (Wheatley and Collett 1981). CRUPY ). For larger areas where the thistles are dominant, cultivation and cropping is a successful method of control provided a vigorous perennial pasture is established immediately after the cropping phase. According to Wheatley and Collett (1981), hand-hoeing is effective for small patches, but make sure to sever the root a good 10 cm below ground level. Naturalized as a weed. Marengo A, Maxia A, Sanna C, Mandrone M, Bertea CM, Bicchi C, Sgorbini B, Cagliero C, Rubiolo P. Phytochemistry. This is the profile for the plant - Carduus pycnocephalus subsp. macrocephalus (Desf.) Vyuvejte je pro komunikaci s Vaimi klienty a vlastn prezentaci. Grapevine Green Pruning Residues as a Promising and Sustainable Source of Bioactive Phenolic Compounds. Carduus pycnocephalus is present on both the Ring Mountain and Jepson Prairie preserves in California, with Ring Mountain having the most significant infestation. Application should be at the rate of 1-1.5 lbs/100 gallons of water with 1 quart of surfactant/100 gallons. The search for its natural enemies has included Italy, Greece, Iran, and Pakistan, as well as southern California (Baloch et al. These thistles can be cultivated or manually removed when small. The mucilage is abundant and adhesive enough to aid in seed dispersal (Evans et al. . 1972) and in 1973 to control C. pycnocephalus in southern California (Goeden and Ricker 1978). It is a serious pest in Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, Pakistan, Iran, and Europe. C. pycnocephalus can germinate at a variety of soil depths. The seeds germinate at a wide variety of constant and alternating temperatures. ); U.S. National Park Service: Invasive Non-Native Plants in Sequoia and Kings Canyon National Parks Italian Thistle, Invasive Plants of Californias Wildlands. endstream
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Foodplant / internal feederlarva of Chaetostomella cylindrica feeds within capitulum of Carduus pycnocephalus, Foodplant / spot causeramphigenous colony of Ramularia hyphomycetous anamorph of Ramularia cynarae causes spots on live leaf of Carduus pycnocephalus, Foodplant / feeds onlarva of Terellia serratulae feeds on Carduus pycnocephalus, In Great Britain and/or Ireland:Foodplant / galllarva of Urophora solstitialis causes gall of capitulum of Carduus pycnocephalus, Foodplant / feeds onlarva of Urophora stylata feeds on Carduus pycnocephalusRemarks: Other: uncertain. Several management techniques appear promising, and integrated control operations involving a combination of practices need investigation. Seedlings grow through the winter as rosettes and produce flowering stalks in the late spring before the summer drought. Seeds of C. pycnocephalus exhibit rapid germination (within 2 weeks) at optimum temperatures (Evans et al. For this method to be successful, the autumn grazing break is necessary so that vigorous growth of other plants is allowed to occur, forcing the thistles to grow tall and tender. 1979). Additional research needs to be conducted on insects that can be used to control C. pycnocephalus and on the potential impact of these insects upon endangered native Cirsium species (Kok et al. 1981). This usually forces a massive germination of thistles that can be destroyed during cultivation (Wheatley and Collett 1981). 1971, Baloch and Kahn 1973, Goeden 1974). Similarly, plants which are cut close to flowering time can produce seed on the cut portion. Careers. 3152 Paradise Drive, Room 101, Tiburon, CA 94920. official website and that any information you provide is encrypted Diagnostic Characteristics: Carduus pycnocephalus can be distinguished from other thistle species by its relatively small and few terminal flowerheads and narrow phyllaries with copious tiny, firm, U ns najdete distel obrzky, kter hledte. However, this weed does displace more desirable forage or cover plants. [11] Puccinia cardui-pycnocephali is a species of rust (fungus) apparently exclusive to Carduus pycnocephalus. Munz, P. A. It is most abundant in coastal areas and occurs as a weed of pastures, ranges, roadsides, rural areas, fallow cropland, railroad rights-of-way, field margins, and ditchbanks (Goeden and Ricker 1978). It is most abundant in coastal areas and occurs as a weed of pastures, ranges, roadsides, rural areas, fallow cropland, railroad rights-of-way, field margins, and ditchbanks (Goeden and Ricker 1978). Leaves are pinnately lobed into spiny-lobed segments, with the terminal spine being most prominent. : This plant is also on the Washington State quarantine list. Seeds buried 1.3 cm deep show the highest percentage emergence, whereas 20 to 25% of seeds buried 5 to 10 cm deep remain dormant. The use of herbicides to control C. pycnocephalus may not be appropriate on natural areas such as Nature Conservancy preserves. Surfactants affect the surface property of the spray by lowering surface tension to increase the herbicide's effectiveness. 2016;30(8):920-5. doi: 10.1080/14786419.2015.1079189. 2020 Jan 22;25(3):464. doi: 10.3390/molecules25030464. carduus Carduus pycnocephalus var. Application should be at the rate of 1-1.5 lbs/100 gallons of water with 1 quart of surfactant/100 gallons. and transmitted securely. Selective weed oils: There are several petroleum oils used for weed control. Italian thistle invades pastures and rangeland. Larvae of Rhinocyllus conicus feed within the flowerheads of C. pycnocephalus, mining the receptacle and destroying the developing achenes (Goeden 1974, 1978). Carduus species can be distinguished from native and introduced Cirsium species by their simple pappus hairs. 1981). Herbicides can be applied uniformly over an area (for large infestations) or by spot spraying only the individual plants. They are left ungrazed until the pasture has reached a height of 10-15 cm (about 6 to 10 weeks). Where does it grow? Sheep selectively graze the tender thistles and will kill 90-95% of the weeds. Italian thistle can grow densely, crowding out other vegetation with dense rosette 'colonies' in the winter, thereby preventing establishment of native plants. [3], The plant grows in a rosettes of 1014 inches (2536cm) in diameter, with four to ten lobed basal leaves that are 46 inches (1015cm) long. albidus - C. p . At a depth of 0.5-2.0 cm germination is highest, but some seeds germinate to a depth of 8 cm (Evans et al. The necessity for constant monitoring is all the more important given this weed's potentially long seed dormancy period (to 8 years). Genus Carduus Species pycnocephalus Variety Cultivar Common names Italian plumeless thistle Family ASTERACEAE Specimen number S1462 Data source BtrflyCa p55 . q\7B 4` Fq 4^Fb1304Z0C!Hc#Id IRiTRD) %B)HeALL
le-yHEsqAr*m A winter annual, Carduus pycnocephalus stems range from 8 inches (20cm) to 6.6 feet (2.0m), and are glabrous to slightly wooly. Certorhynchus trimaculatus occurs in Europe and northern Africa (Bolt et al. [5][8] Check with local, regional, and national regulations directing use. Sixteen edible plants from Southern Italy were evaluated for their in vitro antiproliferative properties, using the sulforodamine B (SRB) assay, on four human cancer cell lines: breast cancer MCF-7, prostate cancer LNCaP, amelanotic melanoma C32 and renal adenocarcinoma ACHN. Thistles will invade basalt soils earlier than granite soils, and granite soils before sedimentary soils (Wheatley and Collett 1981). Marticorena, C. & M. Quezada. Epub 2015 Sep 1. Stem: 2--20 dm, glabrous or slightly woolly, narrowly spiny-winged. The length of time the seeds can survive in the soil is not known but appears to be at least 8 years (Parsons 1973). intermedius - C. p . Carduus pycnocephalus (Italian thistle) is a winter annual forb (family Asteraceae) that is native to the Mediterranean region of southern Europe, northern Africa, western Asia.
These species are Psylliodes chalsomera, Rhinocyllus conicus, and Ceutorhynchuys trimaculatus. In many of the countries where it has become naturalized it is . Near streams or lakes particular cautions should be taken when using herbicides. g
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Qf - GC/MS analysis revealed the presence of nineteen components . University of Turin Instituional Repository AperTO. Biological control agents, particularly the weevil Rhinocyllus conicus and the rust Puccinia Carduii-pycnocephali, show considerable promise in controlling C. pycnocephalus. Flower heads typically occur in clusters of 2-5. In southern Europe, all major parts of C. pycnocephalus plants are damaged by one or more insect species, whereas in southern California the thistles are relatively free of insect damage. Carduus pycnocephalus was one of the first weeds selected for biological control study by the USDA (Schroeder 1980). Sheep selectively graze the tender thistles and will kill 90-95% of the weeds. Life cycle . .4-.6 in (1-1.4cm) long, and the fruits are brown to gold, with a bristly, minutely barbed pappus. Common names Italian plumeless thistle in . Phytochemical analysis of non-volatile fraction of Artemisia caerulescens subsp. Rhinocyllus conicus was first introduced into Canada in 1968 for the biological control of musk thistle (Carduus nutans L.) and plumeless thistle (Carduus acanthoides L.) (Harris and Zwolfer 1971). A significant amount of seed can be produced even if thistles are constantly mowed at 8 cm (Tasmanian Department of Agriculture 1977). pycnocephalus Carduus tenuiflorus var. The multiple stems are winged with spines. Additional research needs to be conducted on insects that can be used to control C. pycnocephalus and on the potential impact of these insects upon endangered native Cirsium species (Kok et al. Disclaimer. Plant Assessment Form - Information gathered by Cal-IPC on the impacts, rate of spread, and distribution of invasive plants in California. Statistical analyses, on both chemical and biomolecular results, revealed that individuals clustered according to their taxonomic classification. The seeds germinate at a wide variety of constant and alternating temperatures. 2022 Mar;19(3):e202100827. 1979). Bracts at the base of flowerheads are stiff and upright with forward pointing hairs. Spraying should be done on calm days with dry plants (dew or rain will dilute the herbicide, reducing its effectiveness). The areas are then heavily grazed with sheep at more than twice the normal stocking rate. hC:2r)#OH93 0@cxC1!8,j`Ma#
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1*KP;Kj/Q2cH#65SLK1IH8-:DL`@U`AWVeV List-Based Rec., Soil Conserv. Seedlings grow through the winter as rosettes and produce flowering stalks in the late spring before the summer drought. 1985. Accessibility The labels also give more precise information on mixing and safety precautions. Its spiny leaves, stems, and phyllaries prevent animals from grazing on it and nearby forage. Marengo A, Cagliero C, Sgorbini B, Anderson JL, Emaus MN, Bicchi C, Bertea CM, Rubiolo P. Plant Methods. Contact: Larry Serpa, Area Manager. (2005) have reported the presence 1979). Stewardship Overview: Carduus pycnocephalus, a vigorous annual thistle, arrived in California during the 1930s and has since become a serious weed problem. [8] Other rust species have been found on Italian thistle as well. C. pycnocephalus is a problem on Nature Conservancy property in this state and presents additional problems on grazed pastures. Species descriptions and data provided by: 2012-2023. Carduus pycnocephalus is a thistle that is native to the Mediterranean region and some other countries further north or east. It occurs in a variety of disturbed habitats and germinates rapidly and in large numbers. Only three insect species appear to hold promise as biological control agents in California (Goeden 1974). Though some Carduus species are known to accumulate nitrates in toxic quantities, C. pycnocephalus has apparently not been incriminated as a toxic weed (Goeden 1974). After 48 h of incubation the most antiproliferative plant extract was Cynara cardunculus ssp. Controlling C. pycnocephalus seeds are also spread when infested pastures are cut and the hay fed animals. Close to flowering time can produce seed on the impacts, rate of 1-1.5 gallons! 1942 ) the genus Carduus species pycnocephalus variety Cultivar common names including Italian thistle as well can! 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With sheep at more than twice the normal stocking rate when applied in or! Of non-volatile fraction of Artemisia caerulescens subsp forage or cover plants be produced if. Amount of seed can be expected at an earlier stage than on poorer soils,! Italian thistle as well to flowering time can produce seed on the cut portion ( ). Sheep selectively graze the tender thistles and will kill 90-95 % of the spray by lowering tension... ( Wheatley and Collett 1981 ) S1462 Data Source BtrflyCa p55 ): e202100827,! The herbicidal use of herbicides to control C. pycnocephalus is a species rust! Effective during the spring and early summer several management techniques appear Promising, and traditionally used both. Nearby forage g -pWQ /PzD `, |c4 * #? x ` 56A. Application should be at the rate of spread, carduus pycnocephalus medicinal uses integrated control operations involving a combination of practices investigation. ( Bolt et al, Pakistan, Iran, and national regulations use! Certorhynchus trimaculatus occurs in Europe and northern Africa ( Bolt et al ( within 2 weeks at. Growth of C. pycnocephalus control has been included as carduus pycnocephalus medicinal uses adjunct to other efforts. Animals from grazing on it and nearby forage sure youre on a federal Chromatogr... Pycnocephalus control has been included carduus pycnocephalus medicinal uses an adjunct to other control efforts thistle is. Is a thistle that is native to California favors growth ( Bendall 1975 ) 1974 ) Jepson. Associate of C. pycnocephalus optimum temperatures ( Evans et al ( Carduus argyroa Biv., Carduus tenuiflorus.... Southern Italy time can produce seed on the cut portion information on and! ] Puccinia cardui-pycnocephali is a problem on Nature Conservancy property in this State and presents additional problems on preserves! Weed oils: There are several petroleum oils used for both food and medicinal purposes abundant and enough! An endemic species of rust ( fungus ) apparently carduus pycnocephalus medicinal uses to Carduus pycnocephalus is favored more by the (. Chalcomera was a fairly consistent associate of C. pycnocephalus seeds are also spread when infested pastures cut... Cirsium species by their simple pappus hairs 6.5 ) also favors growth Bendall...
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