In December 1972 NASA canceled all of its nuclear propulsion and power programs, resulting in the closure of Plum Brook Station [today, the Neil Armstrong Test Facility]. By the time of Apollo 11, the United States had a lead much wider than that. The deaths were an accident. Our premier ground test facilities support powered flight through the atmosphere and beyond. Note the near-transparency of the exhaust, even in air (water is being sprayed up from below), Atlas uses non-hypergolic kerosene (RP-1) fuel which gives a bright and very visible exhaust, 1.5MN (340,000lbf) of thrust, Bright flame from first stage of the Saturn V, burning RP-1, 3. Lewis Director Bruce Lundin traveled to Plum Brook that day to personally inform the staff that the station would be closed down. Wasn't this a viable consideration? Spacecraft Propulsion Research Facility (B-2), Cryogenic Propellant Tank Facility (K-Site), World's Largest Vacuum Chamber to Test Orion, + Budgets, Strategic Plans and Accountability Reports, + Equal Employment Opportunity Data Posted Pursuant to the No Fear Act, + Information-Dissemination Priorities and Inventories. [11], Vince Calder and Andrew Johnson, scientists from Argonne National Laboratory, have given detailed answers to conspiracists' claims on the laboratory's website. The Apollo samples are easily distinguishable from both meteorites and Earth rocks[6] in that they show a lack of hydrous alteration products, they show evidence of having undergone impact events on an airless body, and they have unique geochemical traits. We will get in touch with you shortly. [194] Another poll gives that 25% of 18- to 25-year-olds surveyed were unsure that the landings happened. NASA responds to Bill Kaysing's book, We Never Went to the Moon, by identifying one of his claims of fraud regarding the lack of a crater left on the Moon's surface by the landing of the lunar module, and refuting it with facts about the soil and cohesive nature of the surface of the Moon. Moreover, the USSR did not develop a successful rocket capable of a crewed lunar mission until the 1980s their N1 rocket failed on all four launch attempts between 1969 and 1972. While the LRO images have been enjoyed by the scientific community as a whole, they have not done anything to convince conspiracists that the landings happened. [33] Since most conspiracists believe that sending men to the Moon was impossible at the time,[34] they argue that landings had to be faked to fulfill Kennedy's 1961 goal, "before this decade is out, of landing a man on the Moon and returning him safely to the Earth. 2. Plum Brook Station is testing a new generation of space exploration technologies that are essential for NASA's plans to explore the lunar surface and again land humans on the Moon. Technically, this allowed the mothballed test stands to be reactivated within 3 months. The Space Power Facility, meanwhile, is the largest vacuum chamber in the world. The Moon's surface during the daytime is so hot that camera film would have melted. Longuski argues that it would have been much easier to really land on the Moon than to generate such a huge conspiracy to fake the landings. [137] Conspiracy theorists claim that the computers during the time of the Moon landings would not have been advanced enough to allow for human space travel to the Moon and back;[138] they similarly claim that other contemporary technology (radio transmission, radar, and other instrumentation) was likewise insufficient for the task.[139]. On July 17, 2009, NASA released low-resolution engineering test photos of the Apollo 11, Apollo 14, Apollo 15, Apollo 16 and Apollo 17 landing sites that have been photographed by the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter as part of the process of starting its primary mission. We depend on ad revenue to craft and curate stories about the worlds hidden wonders. Lewis management also actively solicited other agencies and institutions to use Plum Brook for their test programs. . Measuring 100' in diameter and 122' high, it was ideal for testing the Mars lander systems and International Space Station hardware. "[196][197], James Oberg of ABC News said that the conspiracy theory is taught in Cuban schools and wherever Cuban teachers are sent. Spacecraft Snoops Apollo Moon Sites", "World's biggest telescope to prove Americans really walked on Moon", "How to find Apollo 11's landing site on the Moon", "The "halo" area around Apollo 15 landing site observed by Terrain Camera on SELENE (KAGUYA)", "Chandrayaan sends images of Apollo 15 landing", "Chandrayaan's moon findings: Water, rocks and traces of Apollo", "China publishes high-resolution full moon map", "Martian Meteorite Launch: High-Speed Ejecta from Small Craters", "Lunar South Pole-Aitken Sample Return (2002)", "Sample Return Mission to the South Pole Aitken Basin", New Views of the Moon II: Understanding the Moon Through the Integration of Diverse Datasets, American Association for the Advancement of Science, "NASA's LRO Team Helps Track Laser Signals to Russian Rover Mirror", "Landing a Man on the Moon: The Public's View", Institution of Engineering and Technology, "Man on the Moon: A Case of Mass Brainwashing", "Attitudes Toward Space Exploration Ipsos Poll on Behalf of C-SPAN Belief in Authenticity of the 1969 Moon Landing", Bruce M. Nash (Executive Producer, Writer), https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Moon_landing_conspiracy_theories&oldid=1141029494, This page was last edited on 23 February 2023, at 00:31. NASA also notes that all of the operations and phases of the Apollo program were closely followed and under the scrutiny of the news media, from liftoff to splashdown. Please contact the moderators of this subreddit if you . ", "Clavius: Bibliography una ronald and the coke bottle", "Clavius: Photo Analysis buzz's hot spot", "A Detailed Look at the Camera Gear Behind the Historical Apollo 11 Moon Landing", "How NASA Broadcast Neil Armstrong Live from the Moon", "Clavius: Environment radiation and the van allen belts", "Van Allen Probes Discover a New Radiation Belt", "Radiation Protection and Instrumentation", "Phenomenology of soil erosion due to rocket exhaust on the Moon and the Mauna Kea lunar test site", "Clavius: Bibliography cosmic dave's 32 questions", "Clavius: Bibliography the Collier article", "One giant blunder for mankind: how NASA lost moon pictures", "The Search for the Apollo 11 SSTV Tapes", "The GSFC Scientific Data Storage Problem", "The Apollo 11 Telemetry Data Recordings: A Final Report", "NASA lost moon footage, but Hollywood restores it", "Apollo 11 Partial Restoration HD Video Streams", "Clavius: Technology beating the Soviets", "Women in Space Part One, Female Firsts in Flight for Space Exploration and Research", "Xerox commercial from 1972 shows the computer as your personal assistant", "Your smartphone is millions of times more powerful that all of NASA's combined computing in 1969", "What It's Like to Be a Moon Landing Conspiracist in 2019", "Comments on the Fox special on the Hoax", "NASA Apollo Mission Apollo-1 Baron Report", "Did U.S. Astronauts Really Land on the Moon", "Clavius: Bibliography the Kubrick article", "How Stanley Kubrick Faked the Apollo Moon Landings", "Faked Moon Landings and Kubrick's 'The Shining', "Moon Landings 'Fake': Shock video shows 'Stanley Kubrick' admit historic event was 'HOAX', "Apollo 15 Landing Site Spotted in Images", "Can we see Apollo hardware on the Moon? He described the emergence of the atomic age and the weapons of mass destruction that were piling up in the storehouses of the American and Soviet nations. NASAs astrophysics department plans to test high-altitude balloons in the chamber, and the U.S. Army plans to test components for unmanned aerial vehicles there, according to the IG. [128] Three of them were carried to the Moon on Apollos 15, 16, and 17, used by the astronauts for transportation once on the Moon, and left there. These include the Reverberant Acoustic Test Facility, which is like something from the wildest dreams of Spinal Tap. The reactor and Rocket Systems Area remained shuttered. According to James Longuski, the conspiracy theories are impossible because of their size and complexity. About fifteen minutes of it were filmed by an amateur 8 mm film camera and these are also available. Plum Brook is part of the Glenn Research Center, located some 80 kilometers east in Cleveland. An episode of MythBusters in August 2008 was dedicated to the Moon landings. Get top stories, military space news and more delivered to your inbox. Nevertheless, Opration Lune is still taken at face value by some conspiracy believers. [135] This computer had 96kB of memory. The combination of the Lewis Field and Plum Brook locations comprise over 6,800 acres of land and include 450 research and test facilities. The contrast has been tweaked (yielding the "spotlight effect") and a black band has been pasted at the top. The steady reduction of NASAs budget in the late 1960s and early 1970s coincided with the agencys decision to develop the space shuttle. Blueprints and design and development drawings of the machines involved are missing. Rule 2 does not apply when replying to this stickied comment.. Rule 2 does apply throughout the rest of this thread.. What this means: Please keep any "meta" discussion directed at specific users, mods, or r/conspiracy in general in this comment chain only.. On this page: Plum Brook Station Closure Standby Years Demolition of the Sites Plum Brook is currently . More by Dan Leone. [105], 4. Apollo 17 LM leaving the Moon; rocket exhaust visible only briefly, Apollo 8 launch through the first stage separation, Exhaust flame may not be visible outside the atmosphere, as in this photo. NASA's Glenn Research Center's world-class facilities and expert staff help develop and verify cutting-edge technologies in the areas of aeronautics, aerospace and space. In terms of spacecraft hours, the USSR had 460 hours of spaceflight; the United States had 1,024 hours. In May 2008, JAXA reported detecting the "halo" generated by the Apollo 15 Lunar Module engine exhaust from a Terrain Camera image. NASA's Nuclear Frontier: The Plum Brook Reactor Facility, 1941-2002 In 1953, President Eisenhower delivered a speech called "Atoms for Peace" to the United Nations General Assembly. Meanwhile Plum Brook continued worked to complete several tests during this period, including testing of the Centaur Standard Shroud for the upcoming Viking mission. The foremost idea is that the whole crewed landing program was a hoax from start to end. Landing on the Moon was viewed as a national and technological accomplishment that would generate world-wide acclaim. The most notable claim is that the six crewed landings (1969-1972)were faked and that twelve Apollo astronautsdid not actually walk on the Moon. The number of photos taken is implausibly high. It was also used to shoot some scenes from the 2012 Marvel movie The Avengers. Several scenes in 2001 show dust billowing as spacecraft landed, something that would not happen in the vacuum environment of the Moon. [11][12] The book claims that the chance of a successful crewed landing on the Moon was calculated to be 0.0017%, and that despite close monitoring by the USSR, it would have been easier for NASA to fake the Moon landings than to really go there. Footprints in the Moondust are unexpectedly well preserved, despite the lack of moisture. In addition, the center decided to begin removing the Plum Brook Ordnance Works (PBOW) concrete bunkers that had stored munitions during World War II and NASA records and equipment in later years. However, NASA canceled the commission later that year, after complaints that the book would dignify the accusations. In the 2010s NASA demolished the Rocket Systems Area as part of the agencys effort to eliminate its unused structures. Some still think so", "Solar corona photographed from Apollo 15 one minute prior to sunrise", "Goddard's Journal: Are Apollo Moon Photos Fake? Page Last Updated: September 28, 2021, 21000 Brookpark RoadCleveland, OH 44135(216) 433-4000. One rebuttal by Sibrel to this claim is that NASA had compartmentalized all of the work on the Apollo program. [189][190], A 2000 poll conducted by the Public Opinion Foundation[ru] () in Russia found that 28% of those surveyed did not believe that American astronauts landed on the Moon, and this percentage is roughly equal in all social-demographic groups. Some former Apollo personnel want to find the tapes for posterity while NASA engineers looking towards future Moon missions believe the tapes may be useful for their design studies. Some of the main facilities hadnt been used for years. Moon landing conspiracy theories claim that some or all elements of the Apollo program and the associated Moon landings were hoaxes staged by NASA, possibly with the aid of other organizations. As of January 2015, NASA, the Department of Defense, and commercial launch providers are using or have plans to use the [Space Power Facility] through at least 2020 to test space-related hardware, including for NASAs Orion Multi-Purpose Crew Vehicle, the IG wrote. Some of the facilities, most of which date back to the 1960s, are so rundown they require millions of dollars in repairs costs that must be borne by prospective customers who show no sign of materializing, the IG wrote. Opinion polls taken in various locations have shown that between 6% and 20% of Americans, 25% of Britons, and 28% of Russians surveyed believe that the crewed landings were faked. Moon landing conspiracy theoriesclaim that some or all elements of the Apollo programand the associated Moon landingswere hoaxesstaged by NASA, possibly with the aid of other organizations. In 2002, Alex R. Blackwell of the University of Hawaii pointed out that some photos taken by Apollo astronauts[158] while in orbit around the Moon show the landing sites. These may be labeled studio props. Kubrick also used some 50mm f/0.7 lenses that were left over from a batch made by Zeiss for NASA. Moon-landing conspiracists focus heavily on NASA photos. The presence of retroreflectors (mirrors used as targets for Earth-based tracking lasers) from the Laser Ranging Retroreflector Experiment (LRRR) is evidence that there were landings. (See List of human spaceflights, 19611970, and refer to individual flights for the length of time.). ; the United States had 1,024 hours please contact the moderators of this subreddit if you the of... Camera film would have melted acres of land and include 450 Research test... 216 ) 433-4000 other agencies and institutions to use Plum Brook locations comprise over 6,800 acres of and! 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