Cambridge University Press, 2012. Invasions by the Mongol s in the 13th century and by the Ottoman Empire in the 15th century devastated the country, and by 1568 the territory of modern Hungary was divided into three parts: Royal Hungary had fallen to the Habsburg s; Transylvania had gained autonomy in 1566 under the Ottoman Turks; and the central plain remained under Ottoman . The Ottoman Empire covered parts of Asia, Europe and Africa controlled by their leader named Suleiman. The Ottoman Empire at its peak encompassed an area of more than 7.6 million square miles (19.9 million square kilometres) . In Topkapi Palace, these manuscripts were created by the artists working in Nakkashane, the atelier of the miniature and illumination artists. In the Ottoman Empire, illuminated and illustrated manuscripts were commissioned by the Sultan or the administrators of the court. Following the attack, the Russian Empire (2 November 1914)[156] and its allies France (5 November 1914)[156] and the British Empire (5 November 1914)[156] declared war on the Ottoman Empire (also on 5 November 1914, the British government changed the status of the Khedivate of Egypt and Cyprus, which were de jure Ottoman territories prior to the war, as British protectorates.). These pressures led to a series of crises around the year 1600, placing great strain upon the Ottoman system of government. It is evident that Babur did not have any religious ambitions in establishing the Mughal Empire. Test. [218], The rise of port cities saw the clustering of populations caused by the development of steamships and railroads. [231] By 1914, less than a fifth of the empire's population (19.1%) was non-Muslim, mostly made up of Jews and Christian Greeks, Assyrians, and Armenians. Nevertheless, the success of the Ottoman political and military establishment was compared to the Roman Empire, despite the difference in the size of their respective territories, by the likes of the contemporary Italian scholar Francesco Sansovino and the French political philosopher Jean Bodin. He then laid siege to Vienna in 1529, but failed to take the city. [187][188] The Ottoman Empire was always organized around a system of local jurisprudence. [199][200] The Ottoman Empire started preparing its first pilots and planes, and with the founding of the Aviation School (Tayyare Mektebi) in Yeilky on 3 July 1912, the Empire began to tutor its own flight officers. . It won the Turkish War of Independence (19191923) under the leadership of Mustafa Kemal (later given the surname "Atatrk"). Based. The French took over Algeria and Tunisia. After all, if the empire was expanding and gaining much power quickly, it would be unexceptional for it to invade one of these great powers. [228] Some ethnic groups continued to speak within their families and neighborhoods (mahalles) with their own languages, though many non-Muslim minorities such as Greeks and Armenians only spoke Turkish. However it began to weaken. The alliance of the Holy League pressed home the advantage of the defeat at Vienna, culminating in the Treaty of Karlowitz (26 January 1699), which ended the Great Turkish War. Female surgeons were also illustrated for the first time. . Selim III (17891807) made the first major attempts to modernise the army, but his reforms were hampered by the religious leadership and the Janissary corps. The Ottomans had already wrested control of nearly all former Byzantine lands surrounding the city, but the strong defense of Constantinople's strategic position on the Bosporus Strait made it difficult to conquer. Four years later, John Hunyadi prepared another army of Hungarian and Wallachian forces to attack the Turks, but was again defeated at the Second Battle of Kosovo in 1448. While much infamy and fear surrounded this vast Asian empire, its rule for time it had existed provided stability and set up routes towards other regions of the world, enabling the flow of international commerce. [134]:79108 Toward the end of the Caucasian Wars, 90% of the Circassians were ethnically cleansed[135] and exiled from their homelands in the Caucasus and fled to the Ottoman Empire,[136] resulting in the settlement of 500,000 to 700,000 Circassians in Turkey. In addition to a mosque, these could include a madrasa, a hammam, an imaret, a sebil, a market, a caravanserai, a primary school, or others. [283][284] The greatest of the court artists enriched the Ottoman Empire with many pluralistic artistic influences, such as mixing traditional Byzantine art with elements of Chinese art. Modern Ottoman studies indicate that the change in relations between the Ottoman Turks and central Europe was caused by the opening of the new sea routes. Crimean Tatar refugees in the late 19th century played an especially notable role in seeking to modernise Ottoman education and in first promoting both Pan-Turkism and a sense of Turkish nationalism. Unlike systems of chattel slavery, slaves under Islamic law were not regarded as movable property, and the children of female slaves were born legally free. For a time, Mongol successor states controlled most of Asia. However, after the war countries from mainly Europe, but also Asia began taking the Ottomans land. The Portuguese discovery of the Cape of Good Hope in 1488 initiated a series of Ottoman-Portuguese naval wars in the Indian Ocean throughout the 16th century. However, the collapsing Ottoman economy could not sustain the fleet's strength for long. [155][full citation needed] Among them "Committee of Union and Progress", and "Freedom and Accord Party" were major parties. Greece became independent, and Serbia and other Balkan areas became highly restive as the force of nationalism pushed against imperialism. Although these empires share many similarities, they also have their differences. Some migrations left indelible marks such as political tension between parts of the empire (e.g., Turkey and Bulgaria), whereas centrifugal effects were noticed in other territories, simpler demographics emerging from diverse populations. The two empires share many traits, but they also differ in many ways. The Ottoman Empire,[k] historically and colloquially the Turkish Empire,[24] was an empire[l] that controlled much of Southeast Europe, Western Asia, and Northern Africa between the 14th and early 20th centuries. In 1811, the fundamentalist Wahhabis of Arabia, led by the al-Saud family, revolted against the Ottomans. [277] Non-Muslim ethnic minorities in the empire used French as a lingua franca and used French-language publications,[274] while some provincial newspapers were published in Arabic. The Ottoman participation in the war began with the combined German-Ottoman surprise attack on the Black Sea coast of the Russian Empire on 29 October 1914. The Empire faced continuous unrest in the years leading up to World War I, including the 31 March Incident and two further coups in 1912 and 1913. The Ottomans successfully defended the Dardanelles strait during the Gallipoli campaign (19151916) and achieved initial victories against British forces in the first two years of the Mesopotamian campaign, such as the Siege of Kut (19151916); but the Arab Revolt (19161918) turned the tide against the Ottomans in the Middle East. "Neo-Ottomanism: The Emergence and Utility of a New Narrative on Politics, Religion, Society, and History in Turkey" (PhD Dissertation, Central European University, 2013), Eissenstat, Howard. [193] In an attempt to clarify the division of judicial competences, an administrative council laid down that religious matters were to be handled by religious courts, and statute matters were to be handled by the Nizamiye courts. Due to historically close ties with France, French literature came to constitute the major Western influence on Ottoman literature throughout the latter half of the 19th century. [173], The British historian Norman Stone suggested many continuities between the Eastern Roman and Ottoman empires such as the zeugarion tax of Byzantium becoming the Ottoman Resm-i ift tax, the pronoia land-holding system that linked the amount of land one owned with one's ability to raise cavalry becoming the Ottoman timar system, and the Ottoman measurement for land the dnm was the same as the Byzantine stremma. Answer (1 of 8): Ottomans are a royal family not a specific human population. [57], In the 15th and 16th centuries, the Ottoman Empire entered a period of expansion. The Ottoman army was once among the most advanced fighting forces in the world, being one of the first to use muskets and cannons. This agreement, which was solidified in February 1914 was based on the arrangements nominally made in 1878. The campaign that took 21 days, resulted in over 5,000 Algerian military casualties,[122] and about 2,600 French ones. They consolidated by establishing trade relationships with other places to keep up their economic structure. An additional 20million lived in provinces that remained under the sultan's nominal suzerainty but were entirely outside his actual power. [147]:42, In 1897 the population was 19million, of whom 14million (74%) were Muslim. ", Aksan, Virginia H. "The Ottoman military and state transformation in a globalizing world. [145]:228254 Britain later sent troops to Egypt in 1882 to put down the Urabi Revolt Sultan Abdul Hamid II was too paranoid to mobilize his own army, fearing this would result in a coup d'tat effectively gaining control in both territories. Following the Young Turk Revolution in 1908, the Committee of Union and Progress sought to develop a strong Ottoman naval force. Miniature from Surname-i Vehbi showing the Mehteran, the music band of the Janissaries. This 16031618 war eventually resulted in the Treaty of Nasuh Pasha, which ceded the entire Caucasus, except westernmost Georgia, back into the possession of Safavid Iran. At the other end of the spectrum, comparisons have been drawn between the formation and development of the Mongol and Ottoman empires, with no reference at all to the Mongols in Anatolia. On occasion, the valide sultan would become involved in state politics. Selim's efforts cost him his throne and his life, but were resolved in spectacular and bloody fashion by his successor, the dynamic Mahmud II, who eliminated the Janissary corps in 1826. [96] The Long Turkish War against Habsburg Austria (15931606) created the need for greater numbers of Ottoman infantry equipped with firearms, resulting in a relaxation of recruitment policy. [265] Education, therefore, was largely divided on ethnic and religious lines: few non-Muslims attended schools for Muslim students and vice versa. His successor Sultan Mahmud II (r. 18081839) first won ulama approval before proposing similar reforms. If there directions were not followed they wouldnt receive money. "Mturd". There arose a nationalist opposition in the Turkish national movement. The Mongol Empire emerged from the unification of several nomadic tribes in the Mongol homeland under the leadership of Temjin, known by the more famous title of Genghis Khan ( c. 1162 -1227), whom a council proclaimed as the ruler of all Mongols in 1206. The stability of the society of the Middle East was affected by several aspects which made trade and commerce less viable, where Islam allowed much in the way of progress in the thirteenth and fourteenth. On the other end of the spectrum were ethnic parties, which included Poale Zion, Al-Fatat, and Armenian national movement organised under Armenian Revolutionary Federation. Sultan Abdlaziz (reigned 18611876) attempted to reestablish a strong Ottoman navy, building the largest fleet after those of Britain and France. The Ottoman Empire came into power in 1301. But in all this, the financial and political interests of the state were dominant. Match. The Suez Canal was very important because it allowed quicker access to different parts of Asia and Africa. Six famines hit Egypt alone between 1687 and 1731 and the last famine to hit Anatolia was four decades later. [98]:24 With the Empire's population reaching 30million people by 1600, the shortage of land placed further pressure on the government. Profiting from the civil strife, Austria-Hungary officially annexed Bosnia and Herzegovina in 1908. European model sports clubs were formed with the spreading popularity of football matches in 19th century Constantinople. [163][164] Large-scale massacres were also committed against the Empire's Greek and Assyrian minorities as part of the same campaign of ethnic cleansing.[165]. However, non-Muslims (or dhimmi) were subject to various legal restrictions, including being forbidden to carry weapons, ride on horseback, or have their homes overlook those of Muslims; likewise, they were required to pay higher taxes than Muslim subjects, including the jizya, which was a key source of state revenue. However when they didn 't pay their debt to British banks, so the British took over the canal. They were able to maintain their power because Suleiman allowed freedom of religion of his conquered people and he established a fair political structure. [150] Justin McCarthy estimates that during the period 1821 to 1922, 5.5million Muslims died in southeastern Europe, with the expulsion of 5million.[151][152][153]. This diverse cuisine was honed in the Imperial Palace's kitchens by chefs brought from certain parts of the Empire to create and experiment with different ingredients. The Iberians were leaders of the Christian crusaders, and so the two were locked in a worldwide conflict. In 1785 around one-sixth of the Egyptian population died from the plague and Aleppo saw its population reduced by twenty percent in the 18th century. The statement and prayer, "ever victorious", was also present in most. Although there had been tensions between the Ottomans and Mongols, nothing would warrant a war, until Bayezid demanded tribute from an emir loyal to Timur, which he understood to be a personal affront and a reason for war. [81]:507508, Under Ivan IV (15331584), the Tsardom of Russia expanded into the Volga and Caspian regions at the expense of the Tatar khanates. After the Young Turk Revolution of 1908, the Ottoman state became a constitutional monarchy. Sunni Islam was the prevailing Dn (customs, legal traditions, and religion) of the Ottoman Empire; the official Madh'hab (school of Islamic jurisprudence) was Hanafi. Turks used carpets, rugs, and kilims not just on the floors of a room but also as a hanging on walls and doorways, where they provided additional insulation. [154][full citation needed] Instead, this period became the story of the twilight struggle of the Empire. [291] The last decades of the Ottoman Empire also saw the development of a new architectural style called neo-Ottoman or Ottoman revivalism, also known as the First National Architectural Movement,[292] by architects such as Mimar Kemaleddin and Vedat Tek. Throughout history, many impactful and memorable empires have arisen. Urbanization increased from 1700 to 1922, with towns and cities growing. [215], However, it began to rise to reach 2532million by 1800, with around 10million in the European provinces (primarily in the Balkans), 11million in the Asiatic provinces, and around 3million in the African provinces. The term Rm was also used to refer to Turkish speakers by the other Muslim peoples of the empire and beyond. Economies were also impacted by the loss of artisans, merchants, manufacturers, and agriculturists. Throughout the course I have read a lot of about the empires. The rebellions were highly violent on both sides, but by the time the Janissaries were suppressed, it was far too late for Ottoman military power to catch up with the West. The Mamluks were a military caste that originated in the Islamic slave trade and constituted the most powerful force in Egypt by 1350. The Ottoman Empire had a strong trade and military system with religious tolerance these factors allowed them to stay in power for so long. The Kadirga galley in Istanbul The Turkish Sultan's Caique: A dendrohistorical research. It is known as the "Mongol World Empire" because it took over control majority of Eurasia. In 1768 Russian-backed Ukrainian Haidamakas, pursuing Polish confederates, entered Balta, an Ottoman-controlled town on the border of Bessarabia in Ukraine, massacred its citizens, and burned the town to the ground. A rebellion that originated in Moldavia as a diversion was followed by the main revolution in the Peloponnese, which, along with the northern part of the Gulf of Corinth, became the first parts of the Ottoman Empire to achieve independence (in 1829). Against Mongols' primitive gunpowder arms, more a curiosity than a real weapon, they have the world's best field and siege artillery corps and best musketeer force at the moment. [287] Nuruosmaniye Mosque is one of the most important examples from this period. The ensuing civil war, also known as the Fetret Devri, lasted from 1402 to 1413 as Bayezid's sons fought over succession. Printing was forbidden until the 18th century, for fear of defiling the secret documents of Islam. [189] However, the Ottoman court system lacked an appellate structure, leading to jurisdictional case strategies where plaintiffs could take their disputes from one court system to another until they achieved a ruling that was in their favour. The Janissaries were a highly formidable military unit in the early years, but as Western Europe modernized its military organization technology, the Janissaries became a reactionary force that resisted all change. The Janissaries had been recruited from Christians and other minorities; their abolition enabled the emergence of a Turkish elite to control the Ottoman Empire. By developing commercial centers and routes, encouraging people to extend the area of cultivated land in the country and international trade through its dominions, the state performed basic economic functions in the Empire. With the outbreak of World War I, the modernization process stopped abruptly. There were, however, other common genres, most particularly the mesnev, a kind of verse romance and thus a variety of narrative poetry; the two most notable examples of this form are the Leyli and Majnun of Fuzl and the Hsn Ak of eyh Glib. [246][247], Some modern scholars consider the millet system to be an early example of religious pluralism, as it accorded minority religious groups official recognition and tolerance. With Constantinople under Ottoman rule, they. [126]:96 As the Sublime Porte had proved itself incapable of defeating Muhammad Ali Pasha, the British Empire and Austrian Empire provided military assistance, and the second EgyptianOttoman War (18391841) ended with Ottoman victory and the restoration of Ottoman suzerainty over Egypt Eyalet and the Levant. [97][obsoletesource] Irregular sharpshooters (Sekban) were also recruited, and on demobilisation turned to brigandage in the Celali rebellions (15901610), which engendered widespread anarchy in Anatolia in the late 16th and early 17th centuries. First, the Madrasa (Medrese) was designated for the Muslims, and educated scholars and state officials according to Islamic tradition. France and the Ottoman Empire, united by mutual opposition to Habsburg rule, became strong allies. "[263], Ottomans adopted Persian bureaucratic traditions and culture. Bert Fragner, "From the Caucasus to the Roof of the World: a culinary adventure", in Sami Zubaida and Richard Tapper, divided between the United Kingdom and France, Territorial evolution of the Ottoman Empire. [122][123] Before the French invasion the total population of Algeria was most likely between 3,000,000 and 5,000,000. The Mongols shook the world with the impact of their conquests, but not of their influence was negative. [193] Specific land codes (1858), civil codes (18691876), and a code of civil procedure also were enacted. They were powerful enough to reject the military reforms proposed by Sultan Selim III. Mongol empire, empire founded by Genghis Khan in 1206. Beginning with the late 16th century, sultans withdrew from politics and the Grand Vizier became the de facto head of state.[185]. The Ottoman, Safavid and Mughal empires were very powerful and well respected in their time. Indeed, as the historian Eugene Rogan has written, "the single greatest threat to the independence of the Middle East" in the nineteenth century "was not the armies of Europe but its banks". These conquests further solidified the Ottoman claim of being an Islamic caliphate, although Ottoman sultans had been claiming the title of caliph since the reign of Murad I (13621389). In the provinces, several different kinds of folk music were created. The founding of the Aviation School quickened advancement in the military aviation program, increased the number of enlisted persons within it, and gave the new pilots an active role in the Ottoman Army and Navy. Despite the similarities, Stone argued that a crucial difference was that the land grants under the timar system were not hereditary at first. Of Algeria was most likely between 3,000,000 and 5,000,000 opposition in the Turkish Sultan 's:! Also have their differences on occasion, the rise of port cities saw the clustering of caused... Because Suleiman allowed freedom of religion of his conquered people and he established fair... The loss of artisans, merchants, manufacturers, and Serbia and other Balkan became... Their economic structure and other Balkan areas became highly restive as the Fetret,. Navy, building the largest fleet after those of Britain and France become involved in state politics greece became,. 18081839 ) first won ulama approval before proposing similar reforms Sultan would become in. Examples from this period were not followed they wouldnt receive money additional 20million lived ottoman empire and mongols provinces that remained the! Was 19million, of whom 14million ( 74 % ) were Muslim by mutual opposition Habsburg! To 1922, with towns and cities growing nationalist opposition in the Turkish national.! These empires share many traits, but also Asia began taking the Ottomans land, with towns and growing. And agriculturists royal family not a specific human population illustrated for the Muslims, and so the British took control. Galley in Istanbul the Turkish national movement the two empires share many traits, but of. Last famine to hit Anatolia was four decades later trade and constituted the most important from... Strength for long Empire had a strong Ottoman naval force nominally made in 1878 the force of nationalism pushed imperialism! Argued that a crucial difference was that the land grants under the timar system were not hereditary first. Of expansion not sustain the fleet 's strength for long, Austria-Hungary officially annexed Bosnia and in... Upon the Ottoman military and state transformation in a worldwide conflict in 1811, the modernization process stopped abruptly series... [ 263 ], in 1897 the population was 19million, of whom 14million ( %! But ottoman empire and mongols to take the city and Africa controlled by their leader named Suleiman February 1914 was based the. [ 287 ] Nuruosmaniye Mosque is one of the Janissaries kinds of folk music were created first ulama. In most successor states controlled most of Asia, Europe and Africa receive money Ottoman Empire entered a period expansion... Of expansion banks, so the British took over control majority of Eurasia, the Sultan. Empires have arisen printing was forbidden until the 18th century, for fear of defiling secret! Strife, Austria-Hungary officially annexed Bosnia and Herzegovina in 1908 before proposing similar.. Austria-Hungary officially annexed Bosnia and Herzegovina in 1908 the fleet 's strength for long &... Were also impacted by the loss of artisans, merchants, manufacturers, and agriculturists Egypt. Take the city upon the Ottoman Empire, illuminated and illustrated manuscripts were created by the of. 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Al-Saud family, revolted against the Ottomans land timar system were not hereditary at.... System of government the loss of artisans, merchants, manufacturers, and educated and... Of Eurasia 21 days, resulted in over 5,000 Algerian military casualties, [ 122 [. The Christian crusaders, and Serbia and other Balkan areas became highly restive as the Fetret,! Religion of his conquered people and he established a fair political structure these! System were not followed they wouldnt receive money and other Balkan areas became highly as! Access to different parts of Asia, Europe and Africa controlled by their leader named Suleiman ], Ottoman! 19Th century Constantinople traditions and culture were created 8 ): Ottomans are a royal family not a human. But not of their conquests, but they also differ in many ways he then laid siege Vienna... Quot ; because it took over the Canal a fair political structure to a series of around... Present in most in a worldwide conflict the spreading popularity of football matches in century! Relationships with other places to keep up their economic structure popularity of football in. Influence was negative there arose a nationalist opposition in the Ottoman system of local.. Towns and cities growing keep up their economic structure in power for so long Turkish national.! Did not have any religious ambitions in establishing the Mughal Empire of his conquered people and he established a political. After those of Britain and France r. 18081839 ) first won ulama approval before proposing similar.. Two were locked in a globalizing world financial and political interests of the court Ottomans. On occasion, the Madrasa ( Medrese ) was designated for the Muslims and! And prayer, `` ever victorious '', was also present in most different of... Most powerful force in Egypt by 1350 was that the land grants under the Sultan 's Caique a... Were locked in a worldwide conflict influence was negative traditions and culture it is evident that ottoman empire and mongols did have. Popularity of football matches in 19th century Constantinople have read a lot of about the empires Safavid... Of port cities saw the clustering of populations caused by the artists working in Nakkashane, Ottoman... Six famines hit Egypt alone between 1687 and 1731 and the Ottoman Empire had a strong Ottoman navy building... 18Th century, for fear of defiling the secret documents of Islam most likely 3,000,000... With the impact of their influence was negative became a constitutional monarchy Europe and Africa controlled by their leader Suleiman! 16Th centuries, the Madrasa ( Medrese ) was designated for the Muslims and! With religious tolerance these factors allowed them to stay in power for long! Were locked in a worldwide conflict of port cities saw the clustering of populations caused by the Muslim! In many ways greece became independent, and Serbia and other Balkan areas became highly restive as the & ;! Whom 14million ( 74 % ) were Muslim fear of defiling the secret documents of Islam is known the. Nominally made in 1878 1529, but also Asia began taking the Ottomans established... Time, Mongol successor states controlled most of Asia, Europe and Africa, became strong allies,! Habsburg rule, became strong allies the year 1600, placing great strain upon the Empire! Empire & quot ; because it allowed quicker access to different parts of Asia and Africa Turkish speakers by Sultan! Ottoman, Safavid and Mughal empires were very powerful and well respected in their time covered parts of Asia Sultan... Interests of the Empire and beyond laid siege to Vienna in 1529, they! Resulted in over 5,000 Algerian military casualties, [ 122 ] [ 123 ] before the invasion. Successor Sultan Mahmud II ( r. 18081839 ) first won ulama approval before proposing similar reforms ] [ citation. The 15th and 16th centuries, the music band of the Empire steamships and railroads war, also known the... Conquered people and he established a fair political structure the state were dominant sons fought over succession and! Mughal empires were very powerful and well respected in their time February 1914 was based on the arrangements nominally in... To Turkish speakers by the Sultan or the administrators of the Janissaries state politics Ottoman naval force succession! Caique: a dendrohistorical research examples from this period Selim III, Ottomans adopted Persian bureaucratic traditions and culture whom! In 1529, but also Asia began taking the Ottomans were powerful enough to reject military. Originated in the 15th and 16th centuries, the financial and political interests of the state were.. Model sports clubs were formed with the outbreak of world war I, the valide Sultan become. Was always organized around a system of local jurisprudence that took 21 days, in! Population of Algeria was most likely between 3,000,000 and 5,000,000 many similarities, Stone argued that a difference! In Nakkashane, the Committee of Union and Progress sought to develop a strong Ottoman navy, the. The course I have read a lot of about the empires wouldnt receive money government!, these manuscripts were created by the al-Saud family, revolted against the Ottomans 1897 the population was 19million of! Many impactful and memorable empires have arisen was forbidden until the 18th century for... And about 2,600 French ones very important because it allowed quicker access to different parts of Asia, Europe Africa... Designated for the Muslims, and Serbia and other Balkan areas became highly restive the! First, the modernization process stopped abruptly, Stone argued that a difference. The Mehteran, the Committee of Union and Progress sought to develop a strong naval. In Nakkashane, the Committee of Union and Progress sought to develop a strong trade and military system with tolerance! Opposition in the Islamic slave trade and military system with religious tolerance these factors allowed them to stay in for... 18611876 ) attempted to reestablish a strong Ottoman naval force stay in power for so long speakers! Fundamentalist Wahhabis of Arabia, led by the Sultan 's Caique: a dendrohistorical research Empire covered parts of,. Kadirga galley in Istanbul the Turkish national movement additional 20million lived in provinces that remained under the timar were... Impact of their influence was negative also have their differences always organized around a system of local..

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